Know Your Rights
Your legal rights under the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria
Chapter IV of the 1999 Constitution guarantees fundamental human rights to every person in Nigeria. These rights are enforceable in any High Court. If you believe your rights have been violated, seek legal assistance immediately.
Fundamental Rights
Right to Life (Section 33)
Every person has a right to life, and no one shall be deprived intentionally of his life.
Right to Dignity (Section 34)
No person shall be subjected to torture, inhuman or degrading treatment, slavery or servitude.
Right to Fair Hearing (Section 36)
In the determination of civil rights and obligations, a person shall be entitled to a fair hearing within a reasonable time.
Right to Privacy (Section 37)
The privacy of citizens, their homes, correspondence, telephone conversations and telegraphic communications is guaranteed.
Freedom of Expression (Section 39)
Every person shall be entitled to freedom of expression, including freedom to hold opinions and receive ideas.
Freedom of Assembly (Section 40)
Every person shall be entitled to assemble freely and associate with others.
Arrest & Detention Rights
Informed of Charges (Section 35)
You must be informed of the reason for your arrest in writing within 24 hours in a language you understand.
Right to Remain Silent
You have the right to remain silent and not incriminate yourself. Anything you say can be used in evidence.
Access to Legal Counsel
You have the right to consult a legal practitioner of your choice. If you cannot afford one, the state shall provide one in criminal cases.
Bail Entitlement
You are entitled to bail for most offences. For capital offences, bail is at the court's discretion.
Production in Court (Section 35)
You must be brought before a court within a reasonable time — usually within 24 hours (or 48 hours if travel is involved).
Land & Property Rights
Land Use Act (Cap L5)
All land in each state is under the control of the state Governor who holds it in trust for the people.
Certificate of Occupancy
A C of O grants statutory right of occupancy over land for a term of up to 99 years.
Customary Land Rights
Customary land rights held under native law and custom are recognized and protected.
Compulsory Acquisition
The government can acquire land for public purposes, but you are entitled to compensation.
Family & Marriage Rights
Statutory Marriage
Governed by the Marriage Act (Cap M6). Requires 21 days notice and ceremony at a licensed place of worship or registry.
Customary Marriage
Recognized under customary law. Requirements vary by ethnic group but generally involve bride price and family consent.
Islamic Marriage
Governed by Islamic personal law. Valid if both parties consent and a dowry (mahr) is provided.
Divorce
Under the Matrimonial Causes Act, grounds for divorce include adultery, desertion, cruelty, and separation for 3+ years.
Child Custody
The welfare of the child is the paramount consideration in custody decisions.
Consumer Rights
FCCPC Protection
The Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Commission handles consumer complaints and enforces consumer rights.
Right to Refund/Return
You have the right to return defective goods and receive a refund, repair, or replacement.
Right to Fair Contracts
Unfair contract terms are not binding on consumers. You have the right to clear, understandable contract terms.
False Advertising
You are protected against false, misleading, and deceptive advertising under the FCCPC Act.
Employment Rights
Labour Act (Cap L1)
Governs employment relationships including contracts, working conditions, and termination of employment.
Minimum Wage
Every worker is entitled to the national minimum wage as determined by law.
Fair Termination
You are entitled to notice of termination (or payment in lieu) according to your contract and the Labour Act.
NIC Jurisdiction
The National Industrial Court has exclusive jurisdiction over all labour, employment, and trade union matters.
Need Legal Help?
If you believe your rights have been violated, you can seek free legal assistance or ask Justitia SI for guidance.